GENES The gene is a nucleic acid sequence that is necessary for function of gene product. Gene may be a protein coding gene whose transcribed RNA is translated into proteins or RNA only genes. Protein coding genes may be solitary or families or tandem repeats NON –CODING SEQUENCE The non coding sequence are genes that do not encode the protein. The amount of non-coding sequence in DNA of organism varies among species. Eg-Human genome -98% non-coding genes Prokaryotes -10% non-coding genes Types of Non coding sequences The non coding sequences can be in the form of following Introns Anti leader and Anti trailer sequence Promoter sequence Enhancers Pseudogenes Gene fragments Telomeres Non-coding functional RNA Cis-Trans regulatory elements INTRONS Introns are non-coding sequence that transcribed into RNA But precursor mRNA removed by splicing during processing. The eukaryotic genome has large amount of introns...
Citrus plants are aromatic small tree.It is with thorns.Citrus plants flowers are aromatic white flowers.
Citrus fruits are commonly used in drinks and medicines.
CONSTITUTE:
1.Vitamin C.
2.Citric acid.
3.Malic acid.
4.Sugars and aminoacids.
5.Pectin.
6.Anthocyanin.
7.Liminoids.
8.Carotenoids.
9.Flavonoids.
10.Coumarines.
1.VitaminC :
Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid.It is popular for its antioxidant properties.
About 30-58mg of vitaminC found in 100gm of fruit.
2.Citric acid:
Citric acid is crystalized from citrus fruits juices.It has 3.2 ph.
About 6-8 g of citric acid found in 100gm of fruit.It provide 247 Kcal.
Application.
1.It provide flavours to foods.
2.It is used as preservative in beverages and candies.
3.It is used as emulsifying agent in ice creams.
4.It prevent crystallisation of caramel to sucrose.
5.It is used as cleaning agent to remove rust and timescales in utensils.
6.It is used in soap,detergents,creams instead of EDTA.
7.It is also used to develop photographic film.
8.It also has some antiviral properties.
3.Malic acid:
Sweet orange is source of malic acid among citrus fruits.
4.Sugars:
Sugars and free aminoacids are found in citrus fruits.
Glucosides of limonene,obacunone,deacetyl nomilin,nomilin,isolimonic acid sugars are found.
It is used as antioxidant,anti inflammatory,immunomodulatory,hepatoprotective and anticancer properties.
5.Pectin :
Pectin is isolated for cattle feed from citrus fruits peels.
6.Anthocyanin:
It is known for blood orange pigment in cyanidine3-glucoside.
7.Liminoids:
Liminoids treat colon cancer and retroviral disease.
8.Carotenoids :
Beta cryptoxanthithine compounds found in citrus fruits.
It is also known as provitaminA for its antioxidant property.
9.Flavanoids :
Flavonoids are known as bittering agent in citrus fruits.
These flavors isolated from rind of fruit and treated withKOH to provide sweet taste in beverages.
Naringin and neoseperdium are flavors in citrus fruits.
10.Coumarines
Bergaptene:
It is in citrus fruits to treat vitiligo,psoriasis.
Bergamottin:
It is found in grape fruit peel and pulp.
It also prevent drug and enzymes action in patients taking drugs.
Bergaptol:
It is found in bergamot orange which is found in essential oil of lemon.
Scopoletin:
It is found in citrus fruits to treat rheumatic arthritis in Chinese medicine.
Application of citrus
1.It is main source ti treat scurvy.
2.It is also provided with bioflavonoid vitamin P (permeability factor) to make diabetic free and also strengthen brain and heart.
3.It also strengthen capillary wall.
Families of citrus:
There are 5 known common basic types.
1.Citrus limon.
2.Citrus medica.
3.Citrus paradise.
4.Citrus reticulata.
5.Citrus sinensis.
Citrus limon:
It's common name is lemon.
It has citric acid about 5-6 perfect.
It has ph of 2.2.
It has citric acid twice than grace fruit.5x than orange juice.
It has 64 percent vitamin C.
Application:
1.It is used for making juice.
2.It is used for cleaning.
3.It has pulp and rind used for cooking and baking.
4.It is used to preserve apple,bananas and avocoda.
5.It is also used to tender neat.
6.It is used for making drinks,lemonades.
7.It's used for pectin manufacturing.
8.lemon oil is used for relaxation in aromatheraphy.
9.Lemon batteries and in visible ink are used in science experiment.
10.To make natural blonde hair after expose to sunlight and act as bleach.
2.Citrus medica:
It is also known as citron.
It's rind are cut into peices and cooked in sugar syrup and used as spoon sweet.
Application:
1.It is also used for fragrance purpose.
2.It is used for jam making and pickling.
3.It is used to treat sea sickness,pulmonary troubles,scurvy and intestinal ailments.
4.It is also used to treat nausea,vomiting,appetizer,skin diseases,weak eye sight,rheumatism,anthelminthic.
3.Citrus paradisi:
It is a semi sweet fruit
It should be avoided during medication.
It has 90 percent water.
It is cooked to remove sourness.
4.Citrus reticulata:
It is also known as oranges.
It is sweetest citrus fruit.
It has high amount of D limonene which helps to prevent cancer
It is rich in antioxidant.
5.Citrus sinensis:
It is also known as mosambi.
It has 85 percent of water.
Application:
1.It is used to make juice.
2.It is used to make desserts,salads
3.It is used in baking,drinks,candies.
4.It is also used to make essential oil from peel.
5.It is used in canning,icecream,gelatin and gum making.
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