NATURAL BIOCHEM

  CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMINOACIDS REACTION WITH COOH GROUP 1.ESTER FORMATION With alcohol aminoacid form esters 2.DECARBOXYLATION: AMINOACIDS with weak bases like barium hydroxide when heated form amine derivatives of aminoacid. 3.WITH STRONG BASE AMINOACIDS with strong base form mono sodium derivative EG : MONOSODIUM GLYCINE Which is used as flavoring agent. 4.AMIDE FORMATION: AMINOACIDS with ammonia forms amide derivatives eg : glutamine 5.REDUCTION: AMINOACIDS with reducing agent like lithium aluminium hydrate donates 4 hydrogen form aminoalcihol derivative. https://youtu.be/rIAOOozUkFA

  Aminoacids are containing amide and acidic group  hence known as aminoacids. Aminoacids has following physical properties 1.SHAPE: Aminoacids has crystalline shape.Aminoacids are in slender shape in tyrosine. 2.COLOUR: Aminoacids are colourless 3.SOLUBILITY: Some aminoacids are soluble in water.Where some aminoacids are soluble in organic acids and insoluble in ether. 4.TASTE: Aminoacids taste are differs: arginine - bitter,histidine - tasteless and cysteine - sweet taste 5.OPTICAL ACTIVITY: Aminoacids optical activity mostly levorotatory due to chirality of carbon but due to absence of chirality carbon in glycine not undergoes optical activity.Each aminoacids has specific rotation 6.ZWITTER ION : Aminoacids at certain ph undergoes ionic state .This dipolar state of aminoacid known as zwitter ion . 7.ISOELECTRIC PH : The ph at which aminoacid undergoes zwitter ionic form is called isoelectric point or isoelectric ph . 8.AMPHOTERIC NATURE : Thus aminoacid con...

  Aminoacid are building block of proteins as their linearly or branched to form protein .It is a important biomolecule. It is mostly levorotatory.It has about 20 aminoacid. CLASSIFIACTION OF AMINOACIDS 1.BASED ON R GOUP IN SIDE CHAIN 2.BASED ON POLARITY OF SIDECHAIN 3.BASED ON NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS 4.BASED ON METABOLIC FATE 1.BASED ON R GROUPS OF SIDE CHAIN It is classified as 1.Aliphatic side chain It involves valine,glycine,alanine,leucine,isoleucin 2.Alcoholic side chain : It involves serine ,threonine and tyrosine 3.Sulfur containing aminoacid It involves cysteine and methionine 4.Acidic AMINOACIDS It involves aspartic acid and glutamic acid 5.Amidic aminoacid: It involves asparagine and glutamine. 6.Basic aminoacid It involves lysine, arginine and histidine. 7.Aromatic aminoacid It involves phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine 8.Heterocyclic aminoacid It involves histidine and tryptophan. 9.Secondary aminoacid: It is a iminoacid as proline. 2.B...

 Heteropolysacharides on hydrolysis yield different types of sugar units.It is also known as glycosaminoglycan(GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides. It is containing gelatinous structure thus called as mucopolysaccharides and these sugar units linked by glycosidic linkage thus called as glycosaminoglycan. CLASSIFICATION OF HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES: 1.NEUTRAL MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES 2.ACIDIC MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES      a.ACIDIC SULFATE FREE MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES       b.ACIDIC SULFUR CONTAINING MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES 1.NEUTRAL MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES  It doesn't contains any charges. It is involved of blood grouping system. A blood group contains A antigens and B blood group has B antigens.O blood group doesn't has any charges.AB blood group has A and B antigens. Generally all antigens have following glucosamine like glucose,galactose,n-acetyl glucose amine,glucose and fucose as branched. Where N -acetyl galactose attached to terminal of these sugar units as A antigen. Where...

  Polysaccharides are also known as polysoids or non sugars .It has high molecular weight substance.Polysaccharides are  defined as hydrolysis of sugars into more than 10 sugar units. Polysaccharides are classified into 2 1.Based on hydrolysis: Based on hydrolysis polysaccharides are classified into two forms as 1.Homopolysaccharides 2.Heteropolysacharides Based on metabolism classified as 2 forms 1.Nutrition or digestible 2.Structural or non digestible Homopolysacharides It is a process by which sugars are hydrolysed into same type of sugar units. Heteropolysaccharides: It is a process by which these sugar can hydrolysed into two different forms of sugar units. Nutrition or digestible It can be digested to absorb nutrition Eg:Starch Structural or indigestible : It cannot be digested but it has structural function. 1.Starch: It is a polymer of glucose units Occurrence: It is found in tubers,roots,cereals etc... Structure: It is of two compounds as amylose...

 Monosaccharide involves glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone found as intermediate in glycolysis.Erythrose found in HMP shunt intermediates.Ribose found in DNA  .glucose in blood and fructose in fruit and honey . Oligosaccharides has 2 to 10 sugar glucose units linked by glycosidic linkage. Disaccharides has 2 monosaccharide .It is classified into 2 as reducing and non-reducing sugar. Maltose: It is also called malt sugar.It is found in sprouting barely and other cereal grains. Physical property: White crystalline,melting point as 160-165 degree,soluble in water and dextrorotatory. Chemical property It answers Benedict's ,fehlings reaction as it's reducing sugar. Hydrolysis It is hydrolysed by enzyme maltase and form 2 glucose units in SI. Structure: Maltose is link to glucose molecule as by alpha 1to 4 linkage. LACTOSE: It is milk sugar as 6-8 percent in human milk and 4-8 percent in cows milk. Physical properties: It is white crystalline,melting point 200 degree Celsius,dext...

  1.Rxn with glycosidic OH Rxn with methyl alcohol forms methyl gluconate 2.Rxn with alcoholic OH Rxn with methyl iodide and water produce 2,3,4,6 methyl glucoside.It is also known as etherification. 3.Rxn with glycosidic and alcoholic OH group Rxn with acetic anhydride produce glucose penta acetate .It is also called as esterification. Reaction involving in aldehyde or ketone group 1.Reduction : Glucose with sodium amalgam reduced to sorbitol . Fructose with sodium amalgam reduced to sorbitol and mannitol mixture. 2.With mineral acid Glucose with mineral acid form levulinic acid . 3.With dilute acids Glucose with dilute acids known as lobry de Bruyn albreda Von ekestein reaction.It is also called endiol formation. Glucose with weak acid form fructose or mannose 6.Reaction with HCN Glucose with HCN is also known as killiani synthesis. In this reaction glycerose converted to erythrose and threose. 7.With alanine Glucose with alanine form schiffs base.It is also know...