GENES The gene is a nucleic acid sequence that is necessary for function of gene product. Gene may be a protein coding gene whose transcribed RNA is translated into proteins or RNA only genes. Protein coding genes may be solitary or families or tandem repeats NON –CODING SEQUENCE The non coding sequence are genes that do not encode the protein. The amount of non-coding sequence in DNA of organism varies among species. Eg-Human genome -98% non-coding genes Prokaryotes -10% non-coding genes Types of Non coding sequences The non coding sequences can be in the form of following Introns Anti leader and Anti trailer sequence Promoter sequence Enhancers Pseudogenes Gene fragments Telomeres Non-coding functional RNA Cis-Trans regulatory elements INTRONS Introns are non-coding sequence that transcribed into RNA But precursor mRNA removed by splicing during processing. The eukaryotic genome has large amount of introns...
GLYCOLYSIS
. 2. SPLITTING PHASE
. 3. ENERGY PRODUCTION PHASE
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS:
This reaction is carried out in skeletal muscle during heavy exercises when oxygen supply is limited.
In next post gonna see about PDH complex
Glycolysis pathway is also known as Embeden Mayerhoff pathway or EMP pathway.
OCCURRENCE
It occurs in all cell in body in the cytoplasm.
DEFINITION
Glycolysis is defined as sequence of reactions converting glucose to pyruvate or lactate with production of ATP.
TYPES
1.AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
2.ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
It is known as aerobic glycolysis because ATP or energy used by this pathway is available due to oxidative phosphorylation(a O2 dependent pathway).
The pyruvate is the end product of aerobic glycolysis.
The pyruvate product of aerobicc glycolysis will be entered into oxidative phosphorylation.
During aerobic glycolysis 2,3 bisphospho glycerate is a intermediate formed which is major agent in reducing affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin.Thus increases unloading of more oxygen into tissues.
AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
This aerobic glycolysis pathway can also be divided into
1.PRIMING PHASE OR PREPARING PHASE
2.SPLITTING PHASE
3.ENERGY GENERATION PHASE
1.GLYCOLYSIS -PRIMING PHASE
Under anaerobic condition pyruvate converted to lactate in the presence of enzyme Lactate Dehydrogenase with the help of NADH + H+.
GLYCOLYSIS -REGULATION
There are 3 irreversible enzymes that regulate glycolysis.
1.HEXOKINASE;
It is inhibited by glucose -6 –phosphate through feedback inhibition.
2.PHOSPHO FRUCTO KINASE;
It is regulated by ATP and citrate. INHIBITORS
1.ARSENATE OR IODOACETATE;
It inhibits Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate Dehydrogenase.
2.FLUORIDE;
It inhibit Enolase enzyme.
3.OXAMATE;
It inhibit enzyme Lactate Dehydogenase.
GLYCOLYSIS ENERGETIC
AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
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